There are some common methods for controlling access without regard for the asset type. For example, we need a way to authenticate users — validate that they are who they say they are. Then we need a way to authorize the users — figure out whether they are authorized to perform the requested action for the specific asset (such as read or write a given file or enter a particular server room). Let’s take a closer look at how authentication and authorization typically work.
- Authentication. Traditional authentication systems rely on a username and password, especially for
authenticating to computing devices. LDAP directories are commonly used to store user information, authenticate users and authorize users. But there are newer systems that enhance the authentication experience. Some replace the traditional username and password systems, while others (such as single sign-on, or SSO), extend them. Biometrics is an emerging authentication method that includes (but is not limited to) fingerprints, retina scans, facial recognition and iris scans.
- Authorization. Traditional authorization systems rely on security groups in a directory, such as an LDAP directory. Based on your group memberships, you have a specific type of access (or no access). For example, administrators might grant one security group read access to an asset, while a different security group might get read/write/execute access to the asset. This type of system has been around a long time and is still the primary authorization mechanism for on-premises technologies. Newer authorization systems incorporate dynamic authorization or automated authorization. For example, the authorization process might check to see if you are in the Sales department and in a management position before you can gain access to certain sales data. Other information can be incorporated into authorization. For example, you can authenticate and get read access to a web-based portal, but you can’t get into the admin area of the portal unless you are connected to the corporate network. Next, let’s look at some key details around controlling access to specific assets.
- Information. “Information” and “data” are interchangeable here. Information is often stored in shared folders or in storage available via a web portal. In all cases, somebody must configure who can gain access and which actions they can perform. The type of authentication isn’t relevant here. Authorization is what you use to control the access.
- Systems. In this context, “systems” can refer to servers or applications, either on premises or in the cloud. You need to be familiar with the various options for controlling access. In a hybrid scenario, you can use federated authentication and authorization in which the cloud vendor trusts your on-premises authentication and 52 authorization solutions. This centralized access control is quite common because it gives organizations complete control no matter where the systems are.
- Devices. Devices include computers, smartphones and tablets. Today, usernames and passwords (typically from an LDAP directory) are used to control access to most devices. Fingerprints and other biometric systems are common, too. In high-security environments, users might have to enter a username and password and then use a second authentication factor (such as a code from a smartcard) to gain access to a device. Beyond gaining access to devices, you also need to account for the level of access. In high-security environments, users should not have administrative access to devices, and only specified users should be able to gain access to particular devices.
- Facilities. Controlling access to facilities (buildings, parking garages, server rooms, etc.) is typically handled via badge access systems. Employees carry a badge identifying them and containing a chip. Based on their department and job role, they will be granted access to certain facilities (such as the main doors going into a building) but denied access to other facilities (such as the power plant or the server room). For high-security facilities, such as a data center, it is common to have multi-factor authentication. For example, you must present a valid identification card to a security guard and also go through a hand or facial scan to gain access to the data center. Once inside, you still need to use a key or smartcard to open racks or cages.
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